Radio Control and Battery Power for Model Railroads

Notice regarding new S-CAB Orders, effective June 23 to December 31, 2019

Since my ability to accept new orders will be restricted for the rest of this year, the following explanation defines how I will set priorities when responding to inquiries. The objective is to support existing S-CAB users with timely response while restricting orders from new users.

With respect to current users, priority is as follows:

Existing backlog, warranty and repairs, limited consultation
New orders for standard components and systems
Orders with simple customization
Complicated systems and orders are lowest priority and may or may not be accepted.

With respect to new users, inquires of exploratory nature will be declined as will requests for customization. Depending on backlog, some orders for standard components may be accepted from new users with the understanding that "educational" support will be limited. This is polite way of warning that user self-sufficiency will be expected.

On a more positive note, product development continues, some of it quite ambitious, and I need an opportunity to either bring promising initiatives to product status or terminate marginal effort and move on to areas that need attention.

About this Website

The purpose of this website is to promote use of on-board battery power and radio control of locomotives (and similar traction equipment) modeled in HO, On3, On30, Sn3 and S scales. The motivation for combining battery power and radio control is to eliminate all, or at least the most inconvenient aspects of, wiring and operating a layout based on track power and communication. The most important result is more reliable operation. What's new about the site is currently available technology has reduced the size of batteries and electronics to a point where these components can fit in smaller-scale models.

The style and content of the website aims to create a modeler-to-modeler resource that explains S-CAB as a system to implement radio controlled, battery powered, HO-sized model trains. I hope to address both the why and the how-to of battery power and radio control from my perspective. I've developed a number of products along the way and am happy to sell them at low margin to fellow modelers. However, selling merchandise is not the primary objective of this website.

The technology I'll describe does not reinvent model train control. It expands use of existing model railroading products and standards, including NMRA (National Model Railroad Association) standards for Digital Command Control (DCC).

Let's address Why?

I'm an engineer. I see no point in building or operating a model railroad that is not reliable. Locos stuck on track dead spots, decoder drop-outs and rebooting, short-circuits traversing switches . .
. . unacceptable.

I'm also lazy. I don't enjoy cleaning track and wheels. I prefer to avoid working on wiring under a layout.

In engineering language, the term "DCC friendly switches" just tells me there's a potential problem.

In summary, the why comes down to two objectives:

Most important; improve reliability of model railroad operation.
Very helpful; simplify track wiring and maintenance.

To achieve our major objective, we must fit battery power into small models.

Achieving both objectives, requires an alternative to communication through the rails.

To make it all work, we need a hand-held controller.

We're not talking G-scale or garden layouts. Small means HO, Sn3, On30, etc. up to as large as S-scale.
Sorry N-scalers, we don't yet have nano batteries.

Since radio is the best choice for communication, our model needs a radio receiver and some sort of controller. Decoders are the controllers most familiar to model railroaders.

We can bypass a whole lot of clutter if the controller contains a transmitter communicating directly with a receiver in our model.

An S-CAB throttle operating an Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) using radio control.

About the website name

As a self-contained, hand-held device for controlling model trains, the Stanton Radio Cab has been available for several years and during that time has acquired S-CAB as its abbreviated name. In choosing S-CAB.com as the name of this website, I wanted continuity with S-CAB as a wireless controller while including more discussion of battery power in small-scale models.

It's 2017, and, as I work on this update, it's becoming obvious that my focus is more and more on battery power.

"Cab" also has a broader connotation in railroad terminology. In real locomotives, cab is the compartment which accommodates crew and is the location from which they operate a locomotive. Planes have cockpits; locomotives have cabs. Hand-held controllers used to operate model trains are often called Cabs or throttles.

References to various manufacturers and their products are scattered throughout this website. Their proprietary rights, trade marks, copyrights, etc. are acknowledged.

Let's look at the How

The how will be a lot easier if we have suitable products. So far, it's been a 10+ year journey and, as I said earlier, I have developed a few products along the way. Before I introduce these products, let's take a broader view of technology and possibilities.

Battery Power

For battery power, we have 2 choices:

a series-connected battery pack
a battery power supply

For batteries, we'll use lithium-polymer (LiPo) cells, which have a nominal voltage of 3.7 volts.

Battery Pack

Battery pack implies more than one cell and series-connected means cell voltages add. For example, 3 cells in series is a 3S battery, which provides a nominal 11.1 volts and seems like a convenient choice for powering models with 12 volt motors. That is, until we consider how to safely charge a battery pack in a small model. Not so easy, which is the reason S-CAB does not use battery packs.

Battery Power Supply

A battery power supply is really an electronic system which combines LiPo cells and electronics to safely manage battery energy storage and utilization.

This website deals with a battery power supply (BPS) implemented using parallel-connected LiPo cells. We have a battery (1P, 2P, etc.) but voltages don't add. Energy storage adds, but voltage is always 3.7 volts.

Radio Communication

I'll categorize radio communication for model train control into 3 groups:

S-CAB operates at 916.48 MHz using a radio module developed for remote control.
Deltang operates in the 2.4 GHz band using Spektrum technology developed for model aircraft operation.
BlueRail uses BlueTooth technology developed for mobile phones and tablet PCs.

For brevity, I've ignored a number of variants within the remote control group.

When S-CAB was developed 7 years ago, remote control using the 900 MHz radio band was a practical choice. Today, the choice is determined by user preference.

Feature	S-CAB	Deltang	BlueRail
DCC compatible	Yes	No	No
Integrated controls	provided by DCC decoder	Yes	Yes
Sound included	Yes, with DCC sound decoder	No	No
Size	small	very small	larger
Price	Adds about $20 to decoder price (MSRP)	Lowest price	More expensive than a non-sound decoder
Compatible controller/ throttle	Yes, wireless DCC	Yes	Bluetooth phone or tablet

S-CAB Products

There are three basic S-CAB products and several versions of each.

BPS Battery Power Supply

BPS-v4: The latest version of BPS photographed with a 1P 850 mAh battery

BPS combines a battery charger, battery management and a step-up voltage converter in one package.
It performs the following functions:

Battery protection
Battery switching
Battery charging
Voltage conversion

This allows a single lithium-polymer cell (LiPo), nominally 3.7 volts, to produce higher voltage required for loco power. Where space is available, cells can be connected in parallel to increase storage capacity. A choice of three cell sizes is available and all BPS batteries include built-in short-circuit protection. In addition, BPS battery management includes over- and under-voltage protection for the battery. The battery switch operates both manually and automatically.

S-CAB Loco Receiver

S-CAB receiver with SoundTraxx ECO-200 decoder

There's really nothing proprietary about the S-CAB receiver. It's simply a Linx Technologies radio module connected to a commercial DCC decoder such as the sound decoder illustrated to the right. The only thing unique to S-CAB is direct connection of radio receiver data output to the decoder's microprocessor. This keeps the overall package smaller and avoids the inefficiency of alternative methods that waste battery energy by converting radio data to DCC power input in order to use the decoder's left/right track inputs.

S-CAB Throttle

A wireless, battery-powered, hand-held controller completes the S-CAB system. Communication is direct from throttle radio transmitter to a compatible receiver in the loco to which a command is addressed. Each throttle can manage up to 15 locos during an operating session. The radio transmits at 916.48 MHz, but is only active (approximately 0.04 seconds) while transmitting a command. Consequently, operating sessions with a number of participants and multiple throttles is possible. To date, the maximum is 6 throttles in regular use on a large layout.